Table of Content

Table of Content

Encounters and Colonies to 1754........................ Chapter 1
The Revolutionary Era.................... Chapter 2
The Constitution of the States........................................... Chapter 3

Reflections of Chapter 4. From Jefferson through Jackson 1789-1840.......................Chapter 4

Origins of the Civil War.............................................Chapter 5

Changing Frontiers ...................................................Chapter 7

Cultural and Social Transformation ...........................Chapter 8

Reflection................................................................... Chapter 10

Reflection Chapter 10

This chapter it was really interesting because changes in the country through centuries brought a variety of new reform ideas. The plans of reform fed into a stream of ideas that came to be called progressivism. Though progressives did not all share the same ideas and belief, they often used similar methods.  Targets for the proposed reforms included politics, society and the economy. Through time the progressive era produced several different kinds of reform. These reforms took place at the urban, state, and federal levels.  It was amazing how the progressivism had an impact on the national politics so in 1192 several of the loosely allied interest that made up progresses joined forces in a new political party. Taft’s presidency was marked by progressive lesgitation and a rebel movement within his own party. The final turning point in history was when the quest for woman suffrage took more than seventy years and required great effort. The campaign experienced internal division before finally achieving victory.

Cultural and Social Transformation Chapter 8

When the industrial growth started urban areas in the late 1800 became a host of other changes. More children began to attend school and colleges. A recreation industry, which borrowed heavily from African Americans culture, emerged to meet the needs of the new urban workers. People were starting making as a goal in life going to school and preparing them to have a good job. A part of society remained in the same discriminatory attitudes.

       People starts going to public schools. By the time of the Civil War, half of the nations white children received formal education. Only 2% of all 17 year olds graduated from high school. Few went to college, In the postwar era, young people knew they needed more skills to survive. The Government was pressured by parents to lengthen school years, and to limit child labor.1 out of 10 African American went to school. Almost all of the Immigrants in the 1890s went to America due to its public education. Public schools promoted the American way of life to immigrants, they were Americanized. Some children were sent to religious schools to prevent Americanization. Immigrants also made contributions to American culture. Compared to white schools, African American schools recieved less money from the Government. Besides the African Americans, Mexican Americans had also an unequal education to the white children.

       Between 1880 and 1900, more than 250 American colleges and Universities opened. After the Civil War middle-class women were given better educational opportunities. This motivated Philanthropists and educators to establish private women’s colleges with high academic standards. The first one was New York’s Vassar College. Pressure was implemented in only men Colleges to admit women in the 1880s and 1890s. 

        The history of the United States from 1865 until 1918 covers Reconstruction, the Gilded Age, and the Progressive Era, and includes the rise of industrialization and the resulting surge of immigration in the United States. This article focuses on political, economic and diplomatic history; for more on social history see Gilded Age.This period of rapid economic growth and soaring prosperity in North and West (but not the South) saw the U.S. become the world's dominant economic, industrial and agricultural power. The average annual income (after inflation) of nonfarm workers grew by 75% from 1865 to 1900, and then grew another 33% by 1918.

          With a decisive victory in 1865 over Southern secessionists in the Civil War, the United States became a united and powerful nation with a strong national government. Reconstruction brought the end of slavery and citizenship for the former slaves, but their political power was later rolled back and they became second-class citizens under a "Jim Crow" system of segregation. Politically the nation in the Third Party System and Fourth Party System was mostly dominated by Republicans. After 1900 and the McKinley assassination, the Progressive Era brought political and social reforms, such as new roles for education and a higher status for women, and modernized many areas of government and society. The progressives worked through new middle class organizations to fight against the corruption. They demanded and obtained in 1920 votes for women and the prohibition of alcohol.

     Roosevelt, a progressive Republican, called for a "Square Deal", and initiated a policy of increased Federal supervision in the enforcement of antitrust laws. Later, extension of government supervision over the railroads prompted the passage of major regulatory bills. One of the bills made published rates the lawful standard, and shippers equally liable with railroads for rebates. Following Roosevelt landslide victory in the 1904 election he called for still more drastic railroad regulation, and in June 1906, Congress passed the Hepburn Act. This gave the Interstate Commerce Commission real authority in regulating rates, extended the jurisdiction of the commission, and forced the railroads to surrender their interlocking interests in steamship lines and coal companies. 

       In an unprecedented wave of European immigration, 27.5 million new arrivals between 1865 and 1918 provided the labor base for the expansion of industry and agriculture and provided the population base for most of fast-growing urban America. By the late nineteenth century, the United States had become a leading global industrial power, building on new technologies (such as the telegraph and steel), an expanding railroad network, and abundant natural resources such as coal, timber, oil and farmland, to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution. With all the technology a new reforms people were heard with their rights. Although many people continue to have problems such as: discrimination.

Changing Frontiers Chapter 7

       After the civil war, settlers from the East push the frontiers of the United States westward. New technologies appeared and it was a boom in that time. Many immigrants came into the cities and government and social reform struggled. But all this new growth brought remarkable rewards into the country. But the negative part was that appeared other problems such as: urban poverty, child labor, and the displacement of Native Americans.

       In the late 1800 there was the emergence of giant industries that built on new technology. The technological change and an explosion of new ideas transformed American life in the post Civil war years. In 1875 indoor electric lighting did not exit. Instead the rising and setting of the sun dictated the rhythm of work and play. Using profits gained during the Civil War, European investors and Americans business leaders began to invest heavily in these inventions. Ne fuels and sources of power also transformed daily life researchers began developing new uses for petroleum, including fuels such as gasoline that would eventually power new forms of transportation. Big business sought to control competition through various forms of consolidation.

       Industries growth depended on the labor of millions of workers, who toiled under harsh conditions that inflicted physical and emotional harm. Samuel Morse’s invention of the telegraph began a communications revolution. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell an instructor of the hearing impaired, invented a “talking telegraph “. In 1850, an affordable process was developed for making steel, a metal that is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron. In addition to inventions, faster transportation, and darling construction projects, the late 1800’s also was a time of new thinking and actions in the business world.

      Historians have adopted the terms captains of industry and robber barons to describe the powerful industrialists who established large businesses in the era. Captains of industry suggest that the business leaders served their nations in a positive way. The term robber barons implied that the business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public. Andrew Carnegie made millions of dollars in the oil industry. Social Darwinism was a theory that applied to society Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, first published in 1859. The creation of one giant business from many smaller enterprises was horizontal consolidation and vertical consolidation was one business that gained control of all phases of a products development.

       Socialism is an economic and political philosophy that advocated collective or government ownership of factories and property. One goal of socialism is to distribute broadly a society’s wealth. They sought to force employers to participate in collective bargaining in which workers negotiate as a group with employers. At Chicago’s Mc Cormick reaper factory, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs. In protest, anarchist called a rally for the evening of May 4 in Chicago’s Haymarket Square.

      In Economy of the west after civil war people moved west in search of a new and better life. Only 4% of Americans lived in the West in 1840. In that time West included California, Oregon, Washington, and the 6 Great Plains states. In the Donation land law an American married couple could get 160 acres if they moved there before the end of 1850 and agreed to four years of farming. The Homestead Act declares that people could have 160 acres if they farmed and settled on the land. If they farmed the land for 5 years, they could have the land for free. They could have the land right away if they payed $1.25 for each acre.  Desert Land Act and the Timber and Stone Act were other cheap ways for people to get land in the West.

       Chief Joseph, Leader of the Nez Percé tribe was resistant to Native Americans to avoid defeat by the U.S. Army, he helped lead 600 Nez Perce toward the Canadian border. Exhausted and near starvation, he surrendered to the US army. Chief Joseph's legend as “the Red Napoleon” enabled him to lobby high government officials to return his band to the Nez Perce reservation. Between 1887 and 1934, the amount of land owned by Native Americans shrank by 65%. Some Disadvantages for farmers in the west water was scarce and not always pure, Working the prairie required hard work, Men had to travel far to earn cash while waiting for crops to come in and Women had to produce most of the articles the family needed like clothing, dairy products, preserved foods ,clothing ect. The Advantages excellent for farming wheat and raising cattle, Gold and silver miners often came to the West first , Copper was used in electric wiring, so it became valuable after electricity became widely used, Growing industries, especially the railroad, made coal and iron more profitable.

      Profit The large corporations enjoyed the most profit in the West. Farmers, ranch and railroad workers, and miners, made much less money. Farmers had a hard time making money because they had to pay fees to the railroads for product shipment. They also had to pay high interest rates. Sometimes, the demand for their products would decrease, and the farmers could not charge as much for their products.  1870s improvements in farm implements multiplied and 1880 they were using automatic grain binders and steam-powered threshors. Bonanza farms In 1864 the U.S. Congress provided an extensive land grant to aid in financing the Northern Pacific Railway Company. relied on professional farm managers. To achieve maximum efficiency, they specialized in the continuous cropping of wheat, which was well suited to the area. Farmers started protesting goverment’s economic policies: Tarif policy, money supply shrank after the civil war 1880 the number of tenant farmers who rented rather than owned had risen.

     Gilded Age Most famous label used to describe the post-reconstruction era (1877-1900) . Widespread corruption and Failure of the president to solve the economic,social, and political problems. Republicans such as New york, New england,upper midwest  wanted to restric immigration and enforce blue laws. Democratic party northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters and Western farmers claimed to represent the interests of ordinary people and favored free silver. The Social reforms were Nativism, Purity crusader and Social gospel movement.

       After the civil war many changes were happening and with this it brought new ideas. New technologies appeared and it was a boom in that time. Many immigrants came into the cities and government and social reform struggled. The country had a big growth that they in some point could not handle it. Some problems that occurred at the time were: urban poverty, child labor, and the displacement of Native Americans. But at the end the immigrants were the problem.

Origins of the Civil War

The southern and northern states clashed with one another in a violent conflict that was called Civil War. This war would decide whether both north and south would unify or continue unbroken. The difference between the south and north started in 1607 and then the Civil began between 1861 and 1865. Many events contributed to start of the Civil War. Some of these events were:

      In 1607, during the first sixty years after the founding of the colony, they turned primarily to indentured servants from England. In the southern colonies 1700’s they were 4,000 African Americans. At that year few of the indentured servants lived long enough to claim their land at the end of their service. They were exposure to disease and climate that killed a large part of African Americans.

      In 1787, the delegates adopted a formula that later was called three- fifths compromise that stated that all enslaved people would be counted, but then the total would be multiplied by three- fifths. This did not mean that enslaved African Americans would be allowed to vote, however, or that their interests would be represented in congress. North West black codes slavery technically illegal northern the Ohio River. Kept African Americans under the authority of the White Americans.

      In 1820, Missouri Compromise agreement made by congress with divided Missouri into two states: against slavery and proslavery. The open resistance led by Denmark Vesey and African Americans in South Carolina, This resistance was a disaster to many Africans Americans because many of them died or flew to the north. In 1830, the slave holders made up 36% of the white population. African Americans workers build economy.

    Later in the 1836 was the time of the abolition. They were resistant to abolition with the gagrute law which stands that all anti slavery petition could be automatically stable. Near that time the Mexican War was taking place between 1846 through 1848 that brought to question the slavery concept and many people revolt because of this making the white people think more about what decisions they should make. With this it brought the Wilmot Proviso that is was another problem. The African Americans in 1860 made up half of the population of South Carolina and Missipi.

    The Civil War had many causes but one of them was the inability of politicians to resolve the questions of whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territories. They were fighting about whether the South would remain part of the United States. During the 1850’s the North was becoming increasingly more populous and urban than the South. By 1860, nine of the 10 large cities in the United States were in the North.  The North had more telegraph wires strong along railroads. Then the North was more industrialized by 1860 the North had 110,000 factories compared to 20,000 in the South.

      In conclusion in the 1850 congress put together a compromise that was design to balance the demands of both North and South the Compromise was called compromise of 1850. Then California became a free state; in return the people decide for themselves whether slavery would be legal. Then in the Kansas Nebraska Act introduced in the United States senate in Jan 1854, proclaimed that the people would decide whether slavery would be allowed. All this events caused conflict between the south and the north that caused the Civil War.

Reflections of Chapter 4. From Jefferson through Jackson 1789-1840

Reflections

The Election of 1800: A Turning point in History

      The main idea of this section is to view how the elections of 1800 made American leaders accomplished the Nation’s first transfer of power from one party to another.  I was impressed how Alexander Hamilton used a program of Treasury Secretary to centralized United States. He increased support by taking over the debts of the states.  I also find interesting how the French Revolution divided Americans. With fear of war, the Federalist passed laws restricting freedoms and Jeffersonian acted angrily. They have two different ways to see the French Revolution Federalist tended to oppose it, seeing it as an example of a democratic revolution gone wrong. The Jeffersonian generally embraced the French Revolution as an extension of the American Revolution.  Then the elections came white American men had a choice between liberty and order so they elected Thomas Jefferson.

Life in the New Nation

     The main idea of this section is to see how Americans pushed westward, and how they knit the land together in a network of refreshed religion, new communication, and commerce fueled by bold inventions.  I found it interesting when in 1700s; Americans of both European and African descent migrated over the Appalachians into the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland River valleys. So in that year many Americans settle and transformed the Appalachian region of the United States with unprecedented speed. Many inventions where made such as the cotton gin and a lot of improvements in transportation, this allowed rapid economic development and the new communication changed the social and political life in nation. There many changes during that year in United States and with this comes the new awakening of religion where men and women, rich and poor, and people of all races and ages were more encourage in society because religion became more democratic.

Changing Households and New Markets

     In this section I learned that people in the early republic and how they focused on how to keep their households operating. They were very determined to make money as quickly as possible. I was impressed how Americans used money both cash and credit to get what they needed. This changed in the way people made, bought, and sold goods is now called the Market Revolution. During this period the meaning of work changed. It was amazing to know that instead of an activity that kept households running, labor became something to be bought and sold. It was a big growth in power of banks because they reflected the importance of credit and money.  When manufacturing increased, more and more households purchased goods that once had been produced in the household.

The Age of Jackson

     The main idea of this section was too learned more about Andrew Jackson and how he became a symbol for an age in which Americans started to believe that elected officials should act and make decisions according to the view of the voters. I learned more about two national republicans John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay and how they argued that government’s power should be used to promote economic developments. Many Jacksonian democrats strongly opposed this role for the national governments. It was amazing to know how President Andrew Jackson opposed one state’s attempt to strike down federal law. Jackson made many decisions and one of them was to refuse to support the Cherokee when that state of Georgia seized their land.

The Constitution of the States

The Constitution of the States

     The Constitution Convention means a gathering to make the final refinement of a successful government. One of the most influential on the Constitution was James Madison. He was called the “Father of the Constitution”. He had an idea that was to find a way to extend the local authorities.  The men who helped James to write the constitution were not interested in protecting popular sovereignty they were restraining it.

     James Madison, father of the constitution, once said “at once support…the national authority, and leave in force the local authority”. He studied philosophy and then he believes that people are naturally selfish creatures driven by powerful emotions and personal interest. The Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House was a very exciting scene.

        The Virginia Plan became the focus of discussion against which all other ideas were weighed. The Convention became divided and the creation of a bicameral, two houses, and national government was created. Representatives were send in proportion to the number of citizens. They tax its citizens and it would have the power of veto. Veto was an idea that frightened some because it would give the national government greater power than the state.

       New Jersey Plan was a plan that gives Congress the power to tax and would create executive and judicial branches equal vote in a unicameral congress.  This plan ensured that the states would remain the most powerful governments in America. The Great Compromise was on July 16, the legislative branch would be made up of two houses. One house was called the House of Representatives that each state would have a number of representatives that corresponded to the size of its population. The second house was called Senate and every state would have an equal number of representatives. The Three- fifth Compromise enslaved people would be counted, but then the total would be multiplied by three fifths.

     The constitution called for a separation of power among the three branches.  The power of government at the national level would be divided among legislative, executive and judicial branches.  Each branch would be able to check, or stop, the others in certain way. The Congress power made two third votes of both houses. This government structure is known as the system of checks and balance.  Each state would have as many electoral votes as it had members of Congress. Whoever received the majority of the votes in the meeting of the electors, the Electoral College, would become President.

      Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalist. They had been nationalist. Leaders included George Washington. They stood for a strong federal government and its most influential statement was “The federalist” by Hamilton Madison. They argued that without the united stated would be degenerated. In the Federalist Number Ten, no one faction would be able to control the government. The Anti- Federalist was certain that the new government would be the death of American liberty. Was lead by old revolutionary figures like Patrick Henry. They condemned the constitution as betrayal of American Revolution. They feared more the government that the people. They objected to the new federal court system. For the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation, nine states had to ratify or approve it. In December 1791 the resulting ten amendments became part of the documents, they are known as the Bill of Rights.

       Thomas Jefferson was the secretary of state. Jefferson supported the Constitution and the addition of a Bill of Rights. Then he became the president of the United States. Washington chose Jefferson to be secretary of state because he had experience dealing with France, still the closest ally of the new republic. Alexander Hamilton was also a Treasury Secretary. Jefferson and Hamilton were on a collision course. Jefferson never trusted government and remained idealistic about the people and Hamilton believed that the government power, properly used, could accomplish great things.

    One of the most influential on the Constitution was James Madison. The Great Compromise was on July 16, the legislative branch would be made up of two houses. One house was called the House of Representatives and the second house was called Senate. Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalist. Anti- Federalist was certain that the new government would be the death of American liberty.  Thomas Jefferson and Hamilton were both secretaries with different believes about government.

James Madison

The Revolutionary Era

The Revolutionary Era

     War of Independence was political and social changes on United States accompanied with American Revolution. It all started on April 19, 1775 when 10 men stood on the center of Lexington, called minutemen. They organized as a defensive force. Before the war of Independence a war took placed called French and Indian war. That war affected United States in many ways.

     This affected a lot of people including the colonial leader George Washington. So they decided to be independent, the main causes were: The end to salutary neglect, the Stamp Act Crisis (merchants and artisans joined together in a boycott), they started to resist to slavery. By 1770, growing numbers of Americans were convinced that British politicians were engaged in nothing less that robs their own independence. Protest groups start complaining because British were taxing to take them away their properties and make them into what amounted to slaves.

    In the late 1760s British troops occupied Boston. Tensions between soldiers and townspeople exploded in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. With all this problems with the British troop the Parliament passed the Coercive Act in 1774 to punish the colony of Massachusetts. Among other people this act was called Intolerable Acts that virtually shut down individual town governments and the colonial legislature.

   The Revolution itself began long before the war and continues long after the war ended. It announced the creation of new society committed to such powerful ideas as equality and democracy. Two documents spread democratic ideas, the first one was written by Thomas Paine. His book was called Common Sense and it was published in 1776.  The second one was Thomas Jefferson he wrote the Declaration of Independence. When the declaration of Independence was approved many African Americans and white women began to apply the idea of equality to them. One of the women who did so was Abigail Adams.

         After scattering the rebels or Patriot, as the Americans preferred to call themselves from Lexington Green. Furthermore, a great many colonists, called Loyalists or Tories. John Adams estimated that one third of Americans were rebels, one third Tories, and one third neither. The French officer the Marquis de Lafayette, who fought alongside the Americans, later, persuaded the French to assist with an army of 6,000 men. Another European was also vital to the American cause: the Prussians officer Baron von Steuben.

     Faced with rising opposition at home, a new British government began negotiations that result in the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Even when goods were available, it was not always possible to purchase them, due to inflation, or a steady increase in prices over a period of time that reduces people’s ability to buy goods.

     A confederation is an alliance of states formed to coordinate their defense and their relations with foreign governments. To govern the United States, the Continental Congress created a set of laws called the Article of Confederation. This Continental Congress passed laws and tried to make sure they were enforced. Thus it combined the functions of a legislative branch, executive branch and judicial branch. Legislative is the part makes, executive is the part that executes or puts into actions the laws passed by a legislature and judicial is the part of government that judges whether laws have been broken.

     One example was the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. At first the representatives served in a unicameral legislature that is only one house and furthermore became a bicameral legislature that was two houses. The Nationalists were a group of men working to make the national government stronger. The nationalists were former military officers, members of Congress, merchants, planters, and lawyers.  The Shays’s Rebellion was struggle over debts and taxes.  So they started to tax the people and the Americans got on rebellion.

    There were many changes for Americans to get the independence. They worked together to make different acts and constitutions to agreed on and make their country independent. When the constitution was approved the voices of the people were heard and the power was well organized on legislative, executive and judicial branch and they divided the congress in unicameral and bicameral.

                                                      John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

Encounters and Colonies to 1754

Encounters and Colonies to 1754

    Since the beginning, 40,000 years ago, people migrated to what now is called America. All the people who migrate to America are called Native Americans. In the late 4000s AD Atlantic Ocean connected three main cultures: Native Americans, European and African.  They had differences and similarities that made some conflicts among them. Their way of thinking, living and perspective of lives were different.

     Native Americans looked to the family to fulfill many of their social needs.  Their families were called a kinship network that today is referred as clan. They believed in military defeat, disease or harvest.  For this reason they were planting crops, choosing a mate, or burying their dead. They were characterized as friendly and they shared a lot among them.

      The European society had been organized in a system of duties and exchanges based on land, war and traditions. They believed that everything, from the universe to the average household was part of a hierarchy. As the year passed they entered to the era of great change and it all started with religion.  Trade with Asia also brought to Europe books filled with information from the Muslim world and the world of the ancient Greeks and Romans. This information helped to spark the European Renaissance.  Competition among the highly structured societies of Europe encouraged the people of that region to look overseas for trading opportunities in 1400s.

     The kingdoms of West African were very difficult and wealthy cultures. They have a good trading system that was from New Guinea to North Africa.  The ruling classes in Guinea were generally groups of people who shared a common ancestor, this was a kinship network called lineage.  People from guinea relied on religion beliefs that included a Supreme Being who created other, lesser gods or spirits.  In the late 1400s, Songhai was one of the largest empires in the world at the time. They obtained goods such as gold and ivory from the kingdom. One of the trading systems was built on slaves.

       Christopher Columbus made an expedition to reach the Indies or Asia.  Instead on October he reached the islands of the Caribbean Sea and the Native Americans on them, the Tainos.  When they get there Columbus got astonished because the Tainos greeted the newcomers with gifts. When Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans got connected that brought a global interchange of people, animals, goods, ideas, technology, and disease this was known as Columbian Exchange.

This interaction between continents brought with it many diseases that made the Native Americans way of living harder. So the Europeans saw that the Native Americans were on a good land so they competed among themselves to claim land in America.  While the Europeans settle on America they passed their culture to the Native Americans that included language, laws, and custom. Suddenly Europeans needed help to exploit the natural resources of the Americans so they transported slaves from Africa.

       After the Americans, European, and African cultures collided in the 1400s, the Spanish were the first to invade the Americans. They had three reasons to invade and conquest: spread Christian religion, gain health and improve social standing. When Spanish conquistadores reach America they tried to collide both Native Americans and Spanish cultures with a method called, encomienda system.  As time passed many Spanish colonies established on the country but they were only presidios. Native Americans experienced some success in slowing the Spanish invasion of New Mexico.   Spanish people on some point forced the Native Americans to settle in villages called congregacions that were made for Native Americans to work in farms.

       The Native Americans didn’t like what was happening so they made a revolt. So Pope a leader of the Native Americans declared that all Native Americans miseries was because the Spanish. A colony near the Chesapeake Bay was invaded by the English and this colony was called Virginia. There were two disadvantages of living there: mosquito infested swamp and the settlement was a disaster. Powhatan a leader from the Native Americans retreaded from the English because they used as a resource his fire guns.  One of his brothers got kidnapped so he has the change to know all the moves about the Spanish.  

       During the early years of their settlements, only one thing saved the Virginia colonists from falling: growing Tobacco for sale.  During the first sixty years after the founding of the colony, they turned primarily to indentured servants from England. While on Europe there was a Reformation going on because of the corruption of the Catholic Church.  The ones the Protested were the Puritans because they wanted to purify the English church from within. Through the Puritans came from England to escape persecution, or harassment, for their beliefs, they themselves did not believe in the principles of religion toleration.  

   Mercantilism is a theory that activities such as supplying raw materials and buying goods dovetailed neatly with the new European economy. One way mercantilism worked is by the balance of trade.  As the colonies grew, each region developed very different economies and societies.  So one example was the British government that they formed a policy called salutary neglect because they realized that the most beneficial policy was to neglect their colonies. One of the most important factors why the colonies advanced a lot was because of their trading system the mayor trade occurs primarily in three points: Americans, Europe and Africa and this was called triangular trade.  Colonial society reflected attitudes of the time regarding equality. One of the best differences within colonial society was between the Gentry that are men or women wealthy enough to afford others to work for them.

     During the Middle Passage, the name given to the part of the triangular trade that was between Africa and the Americans that were used to transport Africa slaves to America.  In some point of the Middle passage the enslaved African physically resisted by staging what was called “mutinies”. While tensions built along the outer edges of the British colonies, unrest was also increased within them and it was the religious life. This revival of religious feeling is now known as the Great Awakening. The purpose of the preachers who brought about the Great Awakening was to remind people of the power of God and of the authority of their ministers. This movement indirectly challenged the colonial acceptance of inequality.

       Since Columbus discovered America by accident there were many changes between colonies. Traditions and cultured was shared and with it comes the desire of power, so Native Americans were exploited by the European. At that time Europeans had many religious changes one of them was the Protestants because of the Catholic Church.  Many changes occurred during this time between European, Africans and the Native Americans.